Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as a tool conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, is an association between a behavior and a consequence of this behavior.
Operant conditioning was coined by the behaviorist BF Skinner, so occasionally they can hear called conditioning Skinner. As a behaviorist, Skinner believed that the inner thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain the behavior. Instead, he suggested, we must look only to external causes and observable human behavior.
Skinner operant term used to refer to any "positive action that operates on the environment to generate consequences" (1953). In other words, Skinner's theory explains how they acquire the range of learned behaviors that occur every day.
Examples of operant conditioning
There are examples of operant conditioning at work around us. Consider the case of children completing the task of earning the reward of a parent or teacher, or staff to complete the projects to receive praise or promotions.
In these examples, the promise or possibility of reward leads to an increase in behavior, operant conditioning but can also be used to decrease behavior. The removal of an undesirable outcome or the use of punishment can be used to reduce or prevent unwanted behavior. For example, a child may be said to lose recess privileges if they speak out of turn in class. This potential for punishment can lead to a decrease in disruptive behavior.
Operant conditioning components
Some key concepts in operant conditioning:
Operant conditioning was coined by the behaviorist BF Skinner, so occasionally they can hear called conditioning Skinner. As a behaviorist, Skinner believed that the inner thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain the behavior. Instead, he suggested, we must look only to external causes and observable human behavior.
Skinner operant term used to refer to any "positive action that operates on the environment to generate consequences" (1953). In other words, Skinner's theory explains how they acquire the range of learned behaviors that occur every day.
Examples of operant conditioning
There are examples of operant conditioning at work around us. Consider the case of children completing the task of earning the reward of a parent or teacher, or staff to complete the projects to receive praise or promotions.
In these examples, the promise or possibility of reward leads to an increase in behavior, operant conditioning but can also be used to decrease behavior. The removal of an undesirable outcome or the use of punishment can be used to reduce or prevent unwanted behavior. For example, a child may be said to lose recess privileges if they speak out of turn in class. This potential for punishment can lead to a decrease in disruptive behavior.
Operant conditioning components
Some key concepts in operant conditioning:
- A reinforcement is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior that follows. There are two types of reinforcers:
- positive reinforcers are favorable events or results that occur after the behavior. In situations that reflect positive reinforcement, a response or behavior is reinforced by the addition of something as a compliment or direct reward.
- negative reinforcers involve the removal of adverse events or results after the display of a behavior. In these situations, the response is enhanced by the elimination of something that is considered unpleasant.
- Punishment, however, is the presentation of an adverse event or outcome that produces a decrease in behavior that follows. There are two types of penalties:
- positive punishment, sometimes referred to as punishment for the application, is the presentation of an event or an unfavorable outcome to weaken the response that follows.
- Negative punishment, also known as punishment for the withdrawal occurs when an event or a favorable outcome is removed after a behavior occurs.
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