PERSONALITY THEORIES Sigmund Freud

Perceptions About Human Nature

Sigmund Freud argued that the human mind consists of three parts, namely: awareness, lack of awareness, and unconsciousness. Freud also suggested three mental element, namely the id, ego, and superego. And from human inner impulses that shape one's behavior.

According to Sigmund Freud, human behavior is determined by unconscious irrational forces of the biological impulse and encouragement of certain psychosexual instincts during the first six years of his life. This view shows that the flow of Freudian theories of human nature is essentially deterministic. However, according to the quoted Gerald Corey Kovel, that is concentrated on the dialectic between conscious and unconscious, determinism which has been declared on Freud flow yield. Kovel further stated that the way the mind is determined, but not linear. Psychoanalysis Doctrine states that a person's behavior is more complicated than what was imagined in that person.

Freud gives an indication that the greatest challenges facing humanity is how to control the aggressive impulse. feeling anxious and worried someone had to do with the fact that they know the human race would be extinct.

Personality Structure

In psychoanalytic theory, the structure of human personality is composed of id, ego and superego. Id is a component of personality that contains aggressive impulses and libinal, where the system works with the principle of pleasure "pleasure principle". Ego is the personality who served as executor, where the system works on the outside world to assess the reality and relate to the world in to manage id impulses so as not to violate the values of the superego. Superego is the moral part of human personality, because he is from the sensor filter good-bad, either completely, can-not something done by the ego boost.

Gerald Corey stated in Freud's orthodox flow perspective, the human is seen as the energy system, where the dynamics of personality that consists of the ways to distribute the psychic energy to the id, ego and super ego, but the energy is finite, then one of three systems that control their energy available, at the expense of two other systems, so the human personality is largely determined by the psychic energy that moves.

According Calvil S. Hall and Lindzey, the psychodynamics of each part of the total personality has the function, nature, components, working principles and mechanisms of its own dynamics, but they interact so closely with each other, making it impossible to separate. My oldest part of the mental apparatus, and is the most important component of a lifetime. Id and instinct-instinct others reflect the true purpose of life of individual organisms. So the id is the dominant party in the partnership structure of the human personality.

The workings of each structure in the formation of personality are: (1) if his taste id sebahagian large master psychic energy, then his personal will act primitive, implusif and aggressive and he will mengubar primitive impulses, (2) if the sense of ego it controlled most of the psychic energy that, then his personal act in ways that are realistic, logical, and rational, and (3) if its sense of super ego controlled much psychic energy that, then his personal will to act on the things that nature of morality, the pursuit of the perfect things that are sometimes irrational.

So for more details of the three systems of human personality structure is: First, My system is an original personality, which is when man is born he only has My only, because it is the primary source of psychic energy and the emergence of instinct. Id not have the organization, blind, and many claim to always impose his will. My activity is controlled by the pleasure principle and primary process.

Second, the ego is in contact with the world of reality outside itself. Here the ego role as "executive" who govern, manage and control the personality, so that the process is exactly like the "traffic cop" who always control the id, the super-ego and the outside world. He acted as a mediator between instinct with the world around him. This appears due to the ego needs of an organism, such as hungry humans needed to eat. So hungry is the job Id and who decides to seek and obtain employment and to implement it is the ego. While the third, the superego is the holding of justice or as a filter of the second personality system, so knowing right and wrong, good-bad, can-not, and so forth. Here the superego acts as something ideal, which in accordance with moral norms of society.

Consciousness, lack of awareness And Unconscious

An understanding of human consciousness and unconsciousness is one of the greatest contributions of Freud's thinking. According to him, the key to understanding the behavior and personality problems originated from it. Ketidakasadaran it can not be studied directly, because of behavior that emerged was a logical consequence. Clinical evidence to justify the unconscious human nature can be seen from the following things, such as: (1) dream: it is a reflection of the needs, desires and conflicts that occur in themselves, (2) one says something, for example, a name that has been known previously , (3) post-hypnotic suggestion, (4) material derived from the technique of free association, and (5) material derived from the projection technique, as well as the symbolic content of psychotic symptoms.

Lack of awareness comes from two sources, namely the perception of conscious and unconscious, the conscious perception of the perceived someone just for a while and then switch memasuuki lack of awareness. In the second Suber, unconscious, thoughts which can penetrate penyuusur selaluwaspada and enter lack of awareness.
While awareness is a thin part of the overall smallest or the human mind. This can be likened to an iceberg is below sea level, where chunks of ice bigger inside than it looks on the surface. So it is with the human personality, all the experience and memory of the oppressed will be collected in a natural unconsciousness.

Worry

Freud's view about worry Initially, the anxiety is the result of the libido that is not disclosed or unstoppable. Then he looked at each other again that is instinctual anxiety, which arises because the impulse that arises because of repressed unconscious sexual urges. New structural model of freud that the ego must be a place of anxiety.

Freud interprets anxiety as a state that is effectively an unpleasant feeling accompanied by physical sensations that warn people terhadapbahaya to come. Anxiety is thought to develop from conflicts between the id, ego and superego on the control system over the existing psychic energy. Its function is to warn of the danger coming.
Anxiety that there are three: the anxiety of reality, neurotic and moral. (1) the reality of anxiety is fear of the dangers that come from the outside world and the degree of anxiety is dependent upon such a real threat. (2) neurotic anxiety is a sense of fear that the instinct will be out of line and cause someone to do something that can mebuatnya inmate, and (3) moral anxiety is fear of their own conscience. People who are insufficiently developed conscience tend to feel guilty when doing something that is contrary to moral norms.

Ego Defense Mechanisms

To deal with the pressures of excessive anxiety, the ego was forced to take extreme measures to relieve the pressure. Such actions, called a defense mechanism, because the goal is to defend the ego against the pressure of anxiety. In Freud's theory, forms an important defense mechanism are: (1) repression; is a means of defense that could expel the painful thoughts and feelings and threaten out of consciousness, (2) deny; this is a way of messing things that be, felt , or seen someone in a traumatic situation, (3) formation of reaction: it was to swap an impulse or feeling that causes anxiety to fight it in consciousness, (4) projections, this means there are actually reflect something within ourselves to the outside world, ( 5) shift; is a way to deal with anxiety by channeling feelings or impulses by way of shifting objects that threaten to "target the more secure", (6) rationalization;'s how some people create reasons that "reasonable" to describe the ego disingkirnya battered, (7) sublimation; this a way to divert another kesaluran sexual energy, which generally socially acceptable, even admired, (8) regression; is turned back to the behavior that they once experienced, (9) introjection; the mechanism for the invite and "review" system of values or standards of others, (10) identification, (11) compensation, and (12) rituals and removal.

Personality Development

Human development in psychoanalytic is a very thorough description of the process of psychosocial and psychosexual development, from birth to adulthood. In Freud's theory of every human being must pass through a series of developmental stages in the process of becoming an adult. These stages are very important for the formation of personality traits that are settled.

According to Freud, personality is formed at the age of about 5-6 years (in A. Supratika), namely: (1) oral stage, (2) the anal stage: 1-3 years, (3) palus stage: 3-6 years (4) latent stage: 6-12 years, (5) genetal stages: 12-18 years, (6) adult stage, which is divided into early adulthood, middle age and old age.