SOCIOLOGY

1. Identify the relationship between personality, socialization, and culture

Personality is an abstraction or organizing of the attitudes of an individual to behave in order to relate to others (social interaction) or mennanggapi something that happens in society.

According to Linton is a whole culture penggetahuan, attitudes, and behavior patterns which are habits that are owned and inherited by members of a particular community.

But the common culture is defined as the things that concerned with the intellect.

So the relationship between personality, socialization and culture can be explained that the communities that make up life together has produced a set of culture that consists of 7 elements, namely language, religion, art, science systems, technology systems, livelihood systems, and systems organisasisosial.

Culture will affect an individual's personality, especially the accumulation of new individuals and so comprehensive in the process of the new generation of characters pendewasaannya formed directly by the culture of society. On the contrary, culture is influenced by society through socialization.

Personality refers to the characteristics and traits that mawakili attitude or disposition a person included in the concept of personality is the patterns of thoughts, feelings, self-concept, temperament, and all habits.

Individuals and behavior tailored to the society and culture.

In the life of rural communities is still very strong with the nature of mutual cooperation to carry out various activities, both individually and activities of a general nature.

As for the cultural fabric of urban communities with a more diverse and advanced, have different characteristics with rural communities.

Urban communities have a system of values that give dignity and respect for someone who is no longer determined based on the merits of such behavior in rural communities, but is determined by the ability to work or work performance as well as ownership of property.

From the description above can be concluded that individual personality is influenced by cultural patterns that exist in mayarakatnya.

The structure of the existing culture is not all of them will be absorbed and accepted by the individual, but at least there are certain values that guided and used as the basis for determining the attitude or behavior typical of the so-called personality (personality).

2. Identify the specific cultural types that affect personality

a. Particular culture based on regionalism paktor

Regional factors can affect an individual's personality as an example there is a difference between the kinship system ditapanuli with diminang Kabau kinship system.

With the differences that have been visible in everyday life that can affect a person's personality because if one individual is going to feel not familiar with all that. And if one individual was observed other regional culture terpenaruh and felt he would like to try new things with it.

b. How to live a different town and village

Culture city and village society in general different. Kehidupanya rural communities are still very strong with the nature of mutual cooperation to carry out various activities both individually and activities having the character of the public.

More details, village society is more homogeneous pattern of his life and the collective, while the city is more heterogeneous and individualist with the different life patterns, it will affect the personality of the community.

c. Culture specific social class

Group class is very different compared with the group the lower classes in how to dress, ethics, social way of filling free time and so forth.

For example, if the class of upper-class pastime with berhura-ray, while the lower class people use free time to do activities that bermamfaat to kehidupanya.

d. Specifically on the grounds of religious culture

Religious factors also have influence in shaping the personality of an individual. The pattern of inter-religious life will be different from each other.

Lifestyle and their culture adapted to the respective religious teachings.

Examples of religious teachings of Islam which forbids bai to be consumed while the teachings of Christianity justifies the pork for consumption.

e. Culture based propesi

A profession will have a big impact on his personality. For example, a farmer kpribadia kpribadian will be different with a physician. This will affect also the event-how to get along as well as their lifestyle.

From the above, it can be concluded that the formation of a personality through sngat socialization is influenced by culture. Culture is dynamic or always changing.

PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIMENT:

BASIC PERSPECTIVE

Experimental Psychology is a branch of psychology that examines the process of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world.

In the context of positivism, or empiricism, observation / observation of the processes carried out by the experimental method as a method or logic of reliable inquiry for details (description), explain (explanation), forecasting (prediction), and control (control) are increasingly accurate / precise process-the process itself as reality.

The realities of mutual berasosisasi, even trusted / belief includes the notion of determinism, that behavior must be uncaused, or possess determinant. It's just the reality here and now (here and now) is not understood by approaches tenacity, intuition, authority, not even with rationalism, but once again with the experimental method. So rather than experimental method Experimental Psychology itself, although this method is the only flagship, but first of all keep acquiring knowledge about psychological Realities.

Experimental method is more acceptable means for a tool / means it ensures objective observation, the observation that independent of opinion or bias. Keep in mind, what is meant by the experimental method here is a methodology (which contains sequence elements of the logic of inquiry began to identify problems and form elements of hypothesis, experiment design element, the element of conduct experiments, elements of hypothesis testing, until the write element reasearch report ), not the techniques, which really just specific scientif Manners in the which the method is implemented.

In the context of positivism, there are other methods besides the experimental method, descriptive method, which intends to organize a description or picture of a situation, event, or a collection of special events / particular. Included in the descriptive method is naturalistic observation, secondary records, and field studies consisting of at least 4 methods: participant observation, surveys (surveys, correlational studies, longitudinal and cross-sectional studies), ex post facto studies, and meta-analyisis.

Of course, the experimental method is the best, as far as a method capable of guaranteeing could know the relationship / causal association between the realities.
It does not mean the experimental method has no drawbacks. The downside is, because it tends to be done in laboratories, then the result is very exclusive, meaning that can only be justified (legitimated) for ekesperimen that's it. Doubtful can use the results to a larger population.

There is a big problem in terms of external validity. In order to place external validity, oerlu cultivated presence: population validity, ecological validity, and temporal validity. Of course keep in mind the inverse relationship between internal validity and external validity: if the increased external validity, internal validity tend terkurbankan, vice versa.

Method as a tool is indeed one integral part scholarly. But the most important for the integrity of the truth of science is the scientific attitude of scientists themselves, to always keep ourselves to stay has: Curiosity, patience, Objectivity, and change.

PERSONALITY THEORIES Sigmund Freud

Perceptions About Human Nature

Sigmund Freud argued that the human mind consists of three parts, namely: awareness, lack of awareness, and unconsciousness. Freud also suggested three mental element, namely the id, ego, and superego. And from human inner impulses that shape one's behavior.

According to Sigmund Freud, human behavior is determined by unconscious irrational forces of the biological impulse and encouragement of certain psychosexual instincts during the first six years of his life. This view shows that the flow of Freudian theories of human nature is essentially deterministic. However, according to the quoted Gerald Corey Kovel, that is concentrated on the dialectic between conscious and unconscious, determinism which has been declared on Freud flow yield. Kovel further stated that the way the mind is determined, but not linear. Psychoanalysis Doctrine states that a person's behavior is more complicated than what was imagined in that person.

Freud gives an indication that the greatest challenges facing humanity is how to control the aggressive impulse. feeling anxious and worried someone had to do with the fact that they know the human race would be extinct.

Personality Structure

In psychoanalytic theory, the structure of human personality is composed of id, ego and superego. Id is a component of personality that contains aggressive impulses and libinal, where the system works with the principle of pleasure "pleasure principle". Ego is the personality who served as executor, where the system works on the outside world to assess the reality and relate to the world in to manage id impulses so as not to violate the values of the superego. Superego is the moral part of human personality, because he is from the sensor filter good-bad, either completely, can-not something done by the ego boost.

Gerald Corey stated in Freud's orthodox flow perspective, the human is seen as the energy system, where the dynamics of personality that consists of the ways to distribute the psychic energy to the id, ego and super ego, but the energy is finite, then one of three systems that control their energy available, at the expense of two other systems, so the human personality is largely determined by the psychic energy that moves.

According Calvil S. Hall and Lindzey, the psychodynamics of each part of the total personality has the function, nature, components, working principles and mechanisms of its own dynamics, but they interact so closely with each other, making it impossible to separate. My oldest part of the mental apparatus, and is the most important component of a lifetime. Id and instinct-instinct others reflect the true purpose of life of individual organisms. So the id is the dominant party in the partnership structure of the human personality.

The workings of each structure in the formation of personality are: (1) if his taste id sebahagian large master psychic energy, then his personal will act primitive, implusif and aggressive and he will mengubar primitive impulses, (2) if the sense of ego it controlled most of the psychic energy that, then his personal act in ways that are realistic, logical, and rational, and (3) if its sense of super ego controlled much psychic energy that, then his personal will to act on the things that nature of morality, the pursuit of the perfect things that are sometimes irrational.

So for more details of the three systems of human personality structure is: First, My system is an original personality, which is when man is born he only has My only, because it is the primary source of psychic energy and the emergence of instinct. Id not have the organization, blind, and many claim to always impose his will. My activity is controlled by the pleasure principle and primary process.

Second, the ego is in contact with the world of reality outside itself. Here the ego role as "executive" who govern, manage and control the personality, so that the process is exactly like the "traffic cop" who always control the id, the super-ego and the outside world. He acted as a mediator between instinct with the world around him. This appears due to the ego needs of an organism, such as hungry humans needed to eat. So hungry is the job Id and who decides to seek and obtain employment and to implement it is the ego. While the third, the superego is the holding of justice or as a filter of the second personality system, so knowing right and wrong, good-bad, can-not, and so forth. Here the superego acts as something ideal, which in accordance with moral norms of society.

Consciousness, lack of awareness And Unconscious

An understanding of human consciousness and unconsciousness is one of the greatest contributions of Freud's thinking. According to him, the key to understanding the behavior and personality problems originated from it. Ketidakasadaran it can not be studied directly, because of behavior that emerged was a logical consequence. Clinical evidence to justify the unconscious human nature can be seen from the following things, such as: (1) dream: it is a reflection of the needs, desires and conflicts that occur in themselves, (2) one says something, for example, a name that has been known previously , (3) post-hypnotic suggestion, (4) material derived from the technique of free association, and (5) material derived from the projection technique, as well as the symbolic content of psychotic symptoms.

Lack of awareness comes from two sources, namely the perception of conscious and unconscious, the conscious perception of the perceived someone just for a while and then switch memasuuki lack of awareness. In the second Suber, unconscious, thoughts which can penetrate penyuusur selaluwaspada and enter lack of awareness.
While awareness is a thin part of the overall smallest or the human mind. This can be likened to an iceberg is below sea level, where chunks of ice bigger inside than it looks on the surface. So it is with the human personality, all the experience and memory of the oppressed will be collected in a natural unconsciousness.

Worry

Freud's view about worry Initially, the anxiety is the result of the libido that is not disclosed or unstoppable. Then he looked at each other again that is instinctual anxiety, which arises because the impulse that arises because of repressed unconscious sexual urges. New structural model of freud that the ego must be a place of anxiety.

Freud interprets anxiety as a state that is effectively an unpleasant feeling accompanied by physical sensations that warn people terhadapbahaya to come. Anxiety is thought to develop from conflicts between the id, ego and superego on the control system over the existing psychic energy. Its function is to warn of the danger coming.
Anxiety that there are three: the anxiety of reality, neurotic and moral. (1) the reality of anxiety is fear of the dangers that come from the outside world and the degree of anxiety is dependent upon such a real threat. (2) neurotic anxiety is a sense of fear that the instinct will be out of line and cause someone to do something that can mebuatnya inmate, and (3) moral anxiety is fear of their own conscience. People who are insufficiently developed conscience tend to feel guilty when doing something that is contrary to moral norms.

Ego Defense Mechanisms

To deal with the pressures of excessive anxiety, the ego was forced to take extreme measures to relieve the pressure. Such actions, called a defense mechanism, because the goal is to defend the ego against the pressure of anxiety. In Freud's theory, forms an important defense mechanism are: (1) repression; is a means of defense that could expel the painful thoughts and feelings and threaten out of consciousness, (2) deny; this is a way of messing things that be, felt , or seen someone in a traumatic situation, (3) formation of reaction: it was to swap an impulse or feeling that causes anxiety to fight it in consciousness, (4) projections, this means there are actually reflect something within ourselves to the outside world, ( 5) shift; is a way to deal with anxiety by channeling feelings or impulses by way of shifting objects that threaten to "target the more secure", (6) rationalization;'s how some people create reasons that "reasonable" to describe the ego disingkirnya battered, (7) sublimation; this a way to divert another kesaluran sexual energy, which generally socially acceptable, even admired, (8) regression; is turned back to the behavior that they once experienced, (9) introjection; the mechanism for the invite and "review" system of values or standards of others, (10) identification, (11) compensation, and (12) rituals and removal.

Personality Development

Human development in psychoanalytic is a very thorough description of the process of psychosocial and psychosexual development, from birth to adulthood. In Freud's theory of every human being must pass through a series of developmental stages in the process of becoming an adult. These stages are very important for the formation of personality traits that are settled.

According to Freud, personality is formed at the age of about 5-6 years (in A. Supratika), namely: (1) oral stage, (2) the anal stage: 1-3 years, (3) palus stage: 3-6 years (4) latent stage: 6-12 years, (5) genetal stages: 12-18 years, (6) adult stage, which is divided into early adulthood, middle age and old age.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH BASIC CONCEPTS

The term research by Klirk and Miller (1986: 9) at first observation based on qualitative as opposed to quantitative observation. For quantitative observations observer should begin by noting or counting with mempertimbangkanya, then calculate a percentage, on average, cikuadrat and other statistical calculations.

While the quality in terms designate natural as opposed to the quantum or amount. There are several terms in a qualitative study of research or Naturalistic Inquiry or natural.

Qualitative research is defined as follows;

a) Bogdan and Taylor (1975: 5) defines a qualitative methodology as the research procedures that produce descriptive data in the form of written words ataulisan of the people and behaviors that can be observed.

b) Kirk and Miller (1986: 9) defines that qualitative research is a particular tradition in social science that is fundamental.

c) Willem and Rausch (1969), then reviewed by Guba and finally concluded on the basis of these reviews some of the following;

a. Naturalistic inquiry always is a plateau.

b. Taraf extent to which the assessment is a naturalistic level is a function of something that is done by the researcher.

c. Conducted by researchers associated with the stimulus-free variable-antiseden or condition which is a very important dimension.

d. Other important dimension is what is done by researchers in limiting the response of the output range of subjects.

e. Naturalistic inquiry does not require the researcher to first establish the conceptions or certain theories about perhatianya field, otherwise he can approach perhatianya field with a pure mind and allow interpretation-interpretation emerged from and influenced by real events, and not vice versa. Although such an approach is not appropriate conceptually's empty and naive.

f. The term is a term that modifies naturalistic research or method, but does not modify the symptoms.

d) David Williams (1995) writes that qualitative research is collecting data from a background of nature, using natural methods, and conducted by persons or researchers who are interested in nature.

e) Denzin and Lincoln (1987) states that qualitative research studies that use natural background, with the intention of interpreting the phenomena that occurred and was done by involving a variety of methods.

f) The qualitative research in terms of other definitions put forward that it is research that utilizes an open interview to learn and understand the attitudes, views, feelings and behavior of individuals or a group of people.

g) Other authors explain that qualitative research is research that uses a naturalistic approach to seek and find meaning or understanding of the phenomenon in a specific contextual setting.

h) The qualitative research is research that produces analytical procedures that do not use statistical analysis procedures or quantification of other ways.

i) qualitative research is based on efforts to build their view that a detailed investigation, formed with words, holistic and complex picture.

j) According to Jane Richie, qualitative research is an attempt to present the social world, and perspective in the world, in terms of concept, behavior, and the question of human perepsi studied.

From some of the definitions above it can be drawn the conclusion that qualitative research is research that aims to understand the phenomenon of what is experienced by study subjects such as behavior, perception, motivation, action Etc. Holistically and in the form of description, in a special context that naturally and by utilizing a variety of natural methods.